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A sudden reach drop is the most-cited symptom of a so-called "shadowban," but it's also the least reliable on its own — Instagram's algorithm shifts constantly for reasons that have nothing to do with any penalty. Here's what's actually worth checking.
The headline symptom, but on its own it proves nothing — treat it as a starting point, not a conclusion.
If accounts that don't follow you can no longer find your posts under hashtags they were previously showing up in, that's more specific than a raw reach number.
A healthy public account usually gets some engagement from people who don't already follow it. A sharp, sustained drop to near-zero is worth investigating further.
If your content reliably reached Explore before and suddenly doesn't at all, that's a pattern worth tracking over more than a single post.
That's the honest caveat: none of these signs are confirmable without Instagram's own internal data. Treat this list as a checklist for suspicion, not a diagnosis.
Not related to a shadowban but still worth checking: if a story or profile you're trying to view (not post from) seems to be behaving oddly, see "Instagram story viewer not working" for the viewer-side causes instead.